The TT & innovation system & pathways
A framework for analysis
There are a large numbers of pathways through which the various
stakeholders can interact to transfer technologies. The most common
include…
Direct Purchasing Cooperative research arrangements & co-production
agreements
Licensing Export of products & capital goods
Franchising Exchange of scientific & technical personnel
Foreign Direct Investment Science & technology conferences, trade shows & exhibits
Sale of Turnkey Plants Education & training
Joint Venture Open literature – Journals, magazines, books & articles
Subcontracting Government assistance programs
Commercial visits
The present framework classifies pathways into three primary types…
1 Government driven TT initiated by government to full fill specific policy
objectives
2 Private sector driven TT between commercially oriented private sector entities
3 Community driven TT involving community organizations with a high degree
Five stages of assessment
1 Agreement 4 Adjustment
2 Implementation 5 Replication – repetition
3 Evaluation
International joint ventures have been growing in number since 1980.
Kogut – 1988- Joint ventures in terms of transaction costs, strategic
behavior & transfer of organizational knowledge & learning.
Technology Assessment
During early stage – this assessment is performed to determine which
technology offers the best opportunity to achieve the enterprise
objectives, which have been predetermined by the eldership team.
During last stage – the objective of the assessment is to determine if
the technology offers the best opportunity to achieve the enterprise
objectives, which have been predetermined by the leadership team.
Individual Technology Assessment
A technology has to pass through 3 gateways
o Market
o Systems – Management
o Technology
Scoping includes…
o The potential actuation process
o Associated technology issues
o System management issues
o Goals of the new technology
This requires…
o Documentation of technologies
o Economic needs
o Societal needs
o Technological feasibility
1) Market Gateway
The market gateway assessment uses – Market Uncertainty
Analysis Approach – Which Covers…
New users Competitive technologies
User skepticism
behavior adjustment
Unpredictable technological developments
New users & legal barriers
2) Management Gateway
The enterprises modes of development…
o Entrepreneur
o Small high technology enterprise
o Large enterprise with multiple markets and products
o Multiple enterprises such as consortia & conglomerates
which operate in multiple sectors.
Each mode incorporates…
Risk avoidance – exploitation flexibility – marketing skills
Legal skills – core competencies – enterprise information
communication structure & culture
3) Technology Gateway
Higher the degree of innovativeness – larger the uncertainty
US enterprises use a breakthrough approach with the
commensurate uncertainty.
Example….
o Star War projects of US department of Defense
Assessment of Innovation
Technological Breakthrough
o Technology of uncertainty
o Enterprise technological experience and knowledge
o Enterprise business experience & knowledge
o Fiscal resources associated with the particular technological
development
A framework for analysis
There are a large numbers of pathways through which the various
stakeholders can interact to transfer technologies. The most common
include…
Direct Purchasing Cooperative research arrangements & co-production
agreements
Licensing Export of products & capital goods
Franchising Exchange of scientific & technical personnel
Foreign Direct Investment Science & technology conferences, trade shows & exhibits
Sale of Turnkey Plants Education & training
Joint Venture Open literature – Journals, magazines, books & articles
Subcontracting Government assistance programs
Commercial visits
The present framework classifies pathways into three primary types…
1 Government driven TT initiated by government to full fill specific policy
objectives
2 Private sector driven TT between commercially oriented private sector entities
3 Community driven TT involving community organizations with a high degree
Five stages of assessment
1 Agreement 4 Adjustment
2 Implementation 5 Replication – repetition
3 Evaluation
International joint ventures have been growing in number since 1980.
Kogut – 1988- Joint ventures in terms of transaction costs, strategic
behavior & transfer of organizational knowledge & learning.
Technology Assessment
During early stage – this assessment is performed to determine which
technology offers the best opportunity to achieve the enterprise
objectives, which have been predetermined by the eldership team.
During last stage – the objective of the assessment is to determine if
the technology offers the best opportunity to achieve the enterprise
objectives, which have been predetermined by the leadership team.
Individual Technology Assessment
A technology has to pass through 3 gateways
o Market
o Systems – Management
o Technology
Scoping includes…
o The potential actuation process
o Associated technology issues
o System management issues
o Goals of the new technology
This requires…
o Documentation of technologies
o Economic needs
o Societal needs
o Technological feasibility
1) Market Gateway
The market gateway assessment uses – Market Uncertainty
Analysis Approach – Which Covers…
New users Competitive technologies
User skepticism
behavior adjustment
Unpredictable technological developments
New users & legal barriers
2) Management Gateway
The enterprises modes of development…
o Entrepreneur
o Small high technology enterprise
o Large enterprise with multiple markets and products
o Multiple enterprises such as consortia & conglomerates
which operate in multiple sectors.
Each mode incorporates…
Risk avoidance – exploitation flexibility – marketing skills
Legal skills – core competencies – enterprise information
communication structure & culture
3) Technology Gateway
Higher the degree of innovativeness – larger the uncertainty
US enterprises use a breakthrough approach with the
commensurate uncertainty.
Example….
o Star War projects of US department of Defense
Assessment of Innovation
Technological Breakthrough
o Technology of uncertainty
o Enterprise technological experience and knowledge
o Enterprise business experience & knowledge
o Fiscal resources associated with the particular technological
development
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