Evaluating the benefits of technical improvements in the
production
The economic benefits of implementing technical improvements
in the production system should be evaluated in terms of
improving…
1 Production Quality Reducing rejects & improving production
accuracy
2 Production Efficiency Reducing material wastage and / or energy
usage
3 Production effectiveness Increasing flexibility & variability of products
4 Production capacity &
throughput
Increasing the volume of production per unit
time
5 Production
responsiveness
Decreasing the time of changeover for product
change
6 Production Cost Decreasing the overall cost of unit product
Evaluating the benefits of innovation in manufacturing &
convincing the senior management…
Acquisition of Technology
1) Factors promoting technology acquisition
a) The Productivity slowdown
b) International competition
I. Universal access to technology
II. Increase in manufacturing output
III. International technology agreements
IV. Competition from smaller firms
c) Technological advances
2) Methods of acquiring technology
a) Using internal R & D
b) Participating in a joint venture
c) R & D contracting
d) Licensing & Franchising
e) Buying the technol0gy
Technology Transfer
Classification of Technology Transfer
1 International TT TT across national boundaries
Example : TT from industrialized countries to
developing countries
2 Regional TT TT from one region of the country to another
3 Cross industry /
Cross sector TT
TT from one industrial sector to another
Example : Space program to commercial applications
4 Inter firm TT TT from one firm to another
5 Intra firm TT TT is within a firm from one location to another
Channels of Technology flow
1 General channels Education – Training – Publications –
Conferences – Study missions – Exchange of
visits
2 Reverse engineering
channels
No legal violatin of intellectual property rights
3 Planned Channels The TT is done intentionally – with the consent of
technology owner
3A Licensing The receiver purchases the right to utilize
someone else’s technology
3B Franchising Source provides some type of continual support
to the receiver by supplying material, marketing
support or training
3C Joint Ventures 2 / more entities combine their interests in a
business enterprise
3D Turnkey Project A country buys a complete project from an
outside source & the project is designed,
implemented & delivered ready to operate
3E Foreign direct
Investment
A multinational decides to produce its products or
invest some of its resources overseas
3F Technical consortium
& Joint R & D Project
2 / more entities collaborate in a large venture –
resources of one are inadequate
production
The economic benefits of implementing technical improvements
in the production system should be evaluated in terms of
improving…
1 Production Quality Reducing rejects & improving production
accuracy
2 Production Efficiency Reducing material wastage and / or energy
usage
3 Production effectiveness Increasing flexibility & variability of products
4 Production capacity &
throughput
Increasing the volume of production per unit
time
5 Production
responsiveness
Decreasing the time of changeover for product
change
6 Production Cost Decreasing the overall cost of unit product
Evaluating the benefits of innovation in manufacturing &
convincing the senior management…
Acquisition of Technology
1) Factors promoting technology acquisition
a) The Productivity slowdown
b) International competition
I. Universal access to technology
II. Increase in manufacturing output
III. International technology agreements
IV. Competition from smaller firms
c) Technological advances
2) Methods of acquiring technology
a) Using internal R & D
b) Participating in a joint venture
c) R & D contracting
d) Licensing & Franchising
e) Buying the technol0gy
Technology Transfer
Classification of Technology Transfer
1 International TT TT across national boundaries
Example : TT from industrialized countries to
developing countries
2 Regional TT TT from one region of the country to another
3 Cross industry /
Cross sector TT
TT from one industrial sector to another
Example : Space program to commercial applications
4 Inter firm TT TT from one firm to another
5 Intra firm TT TT is within a firm from one location to another
Channels of Technology flow
1 General channels Education – Training – Publications –
Conferences – Study missions – Exchange of
visits
2 Reverse engineering
channels
No legal violatin of intellectual property rights
3 Planned Channels The TT is done intentionally – with the consent of
technology owner
3A Licensing The receiver purchases the right to utilize
someone else’s technology
3B Franchising Source provides some type of continual support
to the receiver by supplying material, marketing
support or training
3C Joint Ventures 2 / more entities combine their interests in a
business enterprise
3D Turnkey Project A country buys a complete project from an
outside source & the project is designed,
implemented & delivered ready to operate
3E Foreign direct
Investment
A multinational decides to produce its products or
invest some of its resources overseas
3F Technical consortium
& Joint R & D Project
2 / more entities collaborate in a large venture –
resources of one are inadequate
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