Inventions & Patents

Strategic alliances for TT can be ….
Technical exchanges Marketing agreement
Cross licensing Joint product development programs
Co-production Joint ventures with equity ownership
Intellectual Property

 Bought or sold
 Leased or rented
 Transferred between parties
Consists of …
Patents Designs
Trade Secrets Know how
Copy rights Trademarks

Inventions & Patents

Invention is the act or process of discovering something new,
physical or conceptual.
A US patent is an agreement between the US government &
inventor.
Patents gives the patentee the right to exclude others from its
use, but does not give the patentee the right to use the patent if
such use infringes on patents of others.

Trade Secrets & Know How
Must be maintained by avoiding public disclosure.
A trade secret is any commercial formula, device, pattern,
process, or information hat affords an enterprise an advantage
over other who dos not know it. Know – how: Knowledge as a result of trial / errors if the
information moves into the public domain & loses protection
under trade secretes law.
Copy Right
Exclusive right granted by any giant to …
 Authors – Composers – Artists or their assignees
Exists when a work is created
Trade Mark…
Word Latter
Symbol Numerical
Device Picture

Individual identifiable & distinguishable
Assume as authenticity
Can be registered
Licensing
Permit the third party to use property
Small – exclusive / non exclusive
Enterprise / Company
US government Technology Transfer
Conference & symposia Informal TT
Consulting firm Advice / information
Collegial interchange Information – free exchange
Exchange of trade secrete
Contract Acquisition instrument
Contractor Provides supply / service
Against fees
Patents Mutual benefit
Non government entities proved…
Educational grants / awards
WFO – Work for Other
Stakeholders, Decisions & Policies in TT
TT influenced by government aid / financing program /
Multilateral bank landing
Major source of technology
o Transnational Corporations
o Multinational Corporations

Motivations of the various stakeholders can differ markedly
 They seek…
 International sales
 Market share
 FDI – foreign direct investment
 Primary concerned with…
 Profit
 Acceptable risks
 Protecting of intellectual property
 Motivator to the recipient country firms are…
 Technical capabilities, quality, or cost reductions
 The higher perceived status of international level
technologies
 Access to managerial and marketing expertise and sources
of capital
 Access to export markets
 Access to new distribution network
 Multilateral agencies

Word Bank Regional development banks
UNDP Regional organizations
 TT is transferred as knowledge – money (Investment) & goods
(trade).
 World bank
 UNDP